Symptoms & Causes of Sarcopenia

Aging is inevitable, but the aging process differs for everyone. One unavoidable condition is the gradual loss of muscle mass and strength, commonly known as sarcopenia.  

Sarcopenia typically affects the elderly and occurs naturally due to aging. This condition can impact the musculoskeletal system and increase the risk of falls and frailty. This article will discuss the causes and symptoms of sarcopenia in older adults.  

 

What Are the Risk Factors for Sarcopenia?

Dr. Paskalis Andrew Gunawan, Sp.PD-KGer, a Specialist in Internal Medicine and Geriatric Consultant at Tzu Chi Hospital, explained that people start losing muscle mass and strength after the age of 40, with the decline accelerating after age 60.  

"After 60 years of age, muscles can deteriorate by 10% per year if one is not physically active. So, age alone has a significant impact," said Dr. Paskalis.  

In addition to age, several other risk factors can trigger sarcopenia:  

1. Poor Nutrition

Older adults often experience a loss of appetite, which can disrupt their nutrient intake. This is particularly concerning as the protein needs of the elderly are higher than those of younger adults. A lack of protein can lead to muscle loss.  

2. Lack of Physical Activity

A sedentary lifestyle and prolonged inactivity can accelerate the loss of muscle mass and strength. As muscle strength declines, fatigue becomes more pronounced.  

3. Chronic Illnesses

Conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, and other chronic diseases can cause chronic inflammation, increasing the likelihood of sarcopenia.  

 

Symptoms of Sarcopenia  
According to Dr. Paskalis, older adults with sarcopenia often feel fatigued. Unlike typical fatigue caused by factors such as lack of sleep or physical exertion, fatigue from sarcopenia occurs without a clear trigger. This makes the symptoms difficult to recognize in the early stages.  

"The symptoms are very general. People might think they're just tired from not sleeping well or due to medication, but over time it can progress to the point where they can't walk, lose motivation, or, in the worst cases, can't perform basic needs like going to the bathroom or managing their meals," explained Dr. Paskalis.  

Sarcopenia doesn’t happen suddenly; it is a gradual process that accumulates over years. Dr. Paskalis emphasizes the importance of early detection for older adults and their families.  

"Sarcopenia begins with a loss of muscle mass, followed by strength, and finally function. Sometimes, people may still function despite significant muscle loss, but that’s an early warning sign of sarcopenia. It’s crucial to address it before it worsens. Early screening allows us to intervene before the condition becomes severe," advised Dr. Paskalis.  

Sarcopenia cannot be completely avoided, but it can be managed early on. Be aware and assess muscle health through Sarcopenia Screening at Tzu Chi Hospital.

 

This article has been medically reviewed by Dr. Paskalis Andrew Gunawan, Sp.PD-KGer.